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J. Bruce Ismay

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J. Bruce Ismay
J. Bruce Ismay
Born 12 December 1862(1862-12-12)
Crosby, Lancashire, England
Died 17 October 1937(1937-10-17) (aged 74)
Mayfair, London, England
Cause of death Stroke
Nationality British
Citizenship Britain
Occupation Ship-owner
Title Seaman
Spouse Julia Florence Schieffelin

Joseph Bruce Ismay (12 December 1862 – 17 October 1937[1]) was an English businessman who served as chairman and managing director of the White Star Line of steamships. He came to international attention as the highest-ranking White Star official among the 705 survivors (vs. 1,517 fatalities from crew and passengers totaling 2,223) of the maiden voyage of his company's marquee ocean liner, the RMS Titanic.[2]

Ismay was born in Crosby, Lancashire, a small town near Liverpool. He was the son of Thomas Henry Ismay (7 January 1837 – 23 November 1899) and Margaret Bruce (13 April 1837 – 9 April 1907), daughter of ship-owner Luke Bruce.[3] Thomas Ismay was the senior partner in Ismay, Imrie and Company and the founder of the White Star Line.[lower-alpha 1][4] The younger Ismay was educated at Elstree School and Harrow,[5] then tutored in France for a year. He was apprenticed at his father's office for four years, after which he toured the world. He then went to New York City as the company representative, eventually rising to the rank of agent.[6]

On 4 December 1888, Ismay married Julia Florence Schieffelin (1871 – 31 December 1963), daughter of George Richard Schieffelin and Julia Matilda Delaplaine of New York, with whom he had five children:[7]

  • Margaret Bruce Ismay (29 December 1889 – 1967), who married George Ronald Hamilton Cheape (1881–1957) in 1912
  • Henry Bruce Ismay (April 1891 – 1 October 1891)
  • Thomas Bruce Ismay (18 February 1894 – ), who married Jane Margaret Seymour
  • Evelyn Constance Ismay (17 July 1897 – 9 August 1940), who married Basil Sanderson (1894–1971) in 1927
  • George Bruce Ismay (6 June 1902 – 30 April 1943), who married Florence Victoria Edrington in 1926. [8]

In 1891, Ismay returned with his family to the United Kingdom and became a partner in his father's firm, Ismay, Imrie and Company. In 1899, Thomas Ismay died, and Bruce Ismay became head of the family business. Ismay had a head for business, and the White Star Line flourished under his leadership. In addition to running his ship business, Ismay also served as a director of several other companies. In 1901, he was approached by Americans who wished to build an international shipping conglomerate, and agreed to merge his firm into the International Mercantile Marine Company.[4]

As the chairman of White Star Line[]

After the death of his father on 23 November 1899,[9][10] Bruce Ismay succeeded him as the chairman of White Star Line. He decided to build four ocean liners to surpass the RMS Oceanic built by his father: the ships were dubbed the Big Four: RMS Celtic, RMS Cedric, RMS Baltic, and RMS Adriatic. These vessels were designed more for luxury, and for speed than safety.[11]

In 1902, Ismay negotiated the sale of the White Star Line to J.P. Morgan & Co., which was organising the formation of International Mercantile Marine Company, an Atlantic shipping combine which absorbed several major American and British lines. IMM was a holding company that controlled subsidiary operating corporations. Morgan hoped to dominate transatlantic shipping through interlocking directorates and contractual arrangements with the railroads, but that proved impossible because of the unscheduled nature of sea transport, American antitrust legislation, and an agreement with the British government.[12] White Star Lines became one of the IMM operating companies and, in February 1904, Ismay became president of the IMM, with the support of Morgan.[13]

RMS Titanic[]

Titanic the sinking

Illustration of the sinking of the Titanic

In 1907, Ismay met Lord Pirrie of the Harland & Wolff shipyard to discuss White Star's answer to the RMS Lusitania and the RMS Mauretania,[lower-alpha 2] the recently unveiled marvels of their chief competitor, Cunard Line. Ismay's new type of ship would not be as fast as their competitors, but it would have huge steerage capacity and luxury unparalleled in the history of ocean-going steamships. The latter feature was largely meant to attract the wealthy and the prosperous middle class. To accommodate the luxurious features Ismay ordered the number of lifeboats reduced from 48 to 16, the latter being the minimum allowed by the Board of Trade, based on the Titanic's projected tonnage.[14][15] Three ships of the Olympic Class were planned and built; the second was the RMS Titanic, which began its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City, on 10 April 1912. The first and third ships of this class were the RMS Olympic and HMHS Britannic.

Ismay occasionally accompanied his ships on their maiden voyages, and the Titanic was one of them.[4] During the voyage, Ismay talked with chief engineer Joseph Bell and / or captain Edward Smith about a possible test of speed if time permitted.[16] When the ship hit an iceberg 400 miles south of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland and started sinking on the night of 14 April 1912, Ismay was rescued in Collapsible Lifeboat C.[17] He testified that as the ship was in her final moments, he turned away, unable to watch his creation sink beneath the waters of the North Atlantic. He was taken aboard the Cunard liner RMS Carpathia and arrived in New York on 18 April. Ismay later testified at the Titanic disaster inquiry hearings held by both the U.S. Senate (chaired by Senator William Alden Smith) the following day, and the British Board of Trade (chaired by Lord Mersey) a few weeks later.

After being picked up by the Carpathia, Ismay was led to the cabin belonging to the ship's doctor, which he reportedly did not leave for the entire journey. He ate nothing solid, received only a single visitor, and was kept under the influence of opiates.[18][19] When he arrived in New York, Ismay was hosted by Philip Franklin, vice president of the company. He also received a summons to appear before a Senate committee headed by Republican Senator William Alden Smith.

After the disaster, Ismay was savaged by both the American and the British press for deserting the ship while women and children were still on board. Some papers called him the "Coward of the Titanic" or "J. Brute Ismay" and suggested that the White Star flag be changed to a yellow liver. Some ran negative cartoons depicting him deserting the ship. The writer Ben Hecht, then a young newspaperman in Chicago, wrote a scathing poem contrasting the actions of Capt. Smith and Ismay. The final verse reads: "To hold your place in the ghastly face of death on the sea at night is a seaman's job, but to flee with the mob, is an owner's noble right."[20]

Some maintain Ismay followed the "women and children first" principle, having assisted many women and children himself. He and first-class passenger William Carter said they boarded Collapsible C after there were no more women and children near that particular lifeboat. Carter's own behaviour and reliability, however, were criticised by Mrs. Carter, who sued him for divorce in 1914; she testified Carter had left her and their children to fend for themselves after the crash and accused him of "cruel and barbarous treatment and indignities to the person."[21] London society ostracised Ismay and labelled him one of the biggest cowards in history. Strong negative press came particularly from newspapers owned by William Randolph Hearst, whom some claimed fostered a personal vendetta.[22] On 30 June 1913, Ismay resigned as president of International Mercantile Marine and chairman of the White Star Line, to be succeeded by Harold Sanderson.

Ismay announced during the United States Inquiry that all the vessels of the International Mercantile Marine Company would be equipped with lifeboats in sufficient numbers for all passengers.[23] Following the inquiry, Ismay and the surviving officers of the ship returned to England aboard RMS Adriatic. Ismay's reputation was irreparably damaged and he maintained a low public profile after the disaster. He did maintain an interest in maritime affairs. He inaugurated a cadet ship called Mersey used to train officers for Britain's Merchant Navy, donated £11,000 to start a fund for lost seamen, and in 1919 gave £25,000 (£

  • 1 as of 2024)[24] to set up a fund to recognise the contribution of merchant mariners in World War I.[25]

Later life[]

Ismay kept out of the public eye for most of the remainder of his life. He retired from active affairs in the mid-1920s, and settled with his wife in a large 'cottage', Costelloe Lodge, near Costelloe in Connemara, County Galway, Ireland. His health declined in the 1930s, following a diagnosis of diabetes, which took a turn for the worse in early 1936, when the illness resulted in amputation of part of his right leg. He returned to England a few months later, settling in a small house on the Wirral across the River Mersey from Liverpool. J. Bruce Ismay died in Mayfair, London, on 17 October 1937, of a cerebral thrombosis (stroke), at the age of 74. His funeral was held on 21 October 1937, and he is buried in Putney Vale Cemetery, London.[26] He was survived by his wife, Florence Schieffelin. After his death, she renounced her British subject status in order to restore her American citizenship on 14 November 1949. Julia Florence Ismay, née Schieffelin, died 31 December 1963, aged 92, in Kensington, London.

Controversy[]

During the congressional investigations, some passengers testified that during the voyage they heard Ismay pressuring Captain Edward J. Smith to go faster, in order to arrive in New York ahead of schedule and generate some free press about the new liner. The 2000 book The White Star Line: An Illustrated History by Paul Louden-Brown states that this was unlikely, and that Ismay's record does not support the notion that he had any motive to do so.[22] In addition, many captains have attested that the procedure is to run the ship at full speed.[27]

Louise Patten, granddaughter of Charles Lightoller, who was the second officer on board the Titanic, claims in her book that Ismay pressured Captain Smith to maintain speed after hitting the iceberg and that this decision caused the ship to sink faster, and that rescuers could not arrive in time to save hundreds that might otherwise have survived.[28]

Portrayals[]

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ↑ The Times, Monday, 18 October 1937; p. 16; col D.
  2. ↑ "J. Bruce Ismay, 74, Titanic Survivor. Ex-Head of White Star Line Who Retired After Sea Tragedy Dies in London". New York Times. 19 October 1937. "Joseph Bruce Ismay, former chairman of the White Star Line and a survivor of the Titanic disaster in 1912, died here last night. He was 74 years old." 
  3. ↑ Mr Joseph Bruce Ismay, Encyclopedia Titanica. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 (French) Histoire de la White Star Line, le Site du Titanic. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  5. ↑ Frances Wilson, How to Survive the Titanic Or The Sinking of J. Bruce Ismay, Publisher Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4088-2111-4. (page)
  6. ↑ Chirnside 2004, p. 144.
  7. ↑ Married in early december, The New York Times, Encyclopedia Titanica. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  8. ↑ Reading Room Manchester (30 April 1943). "Commonwealth War Graves Commission". Cwgc.org. http://www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2542204. Retrieved 26 February 2012. 
  9. ↑ Thomas Henry Ismay, The Ismay Family. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  10. ↑ Thomas Henry Ismay dead, The New York Times, Encyclopedia Titanica. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  11. ↑ Chirnside 2004, p. 11.
  12. ↑ John J. Clark, and Margaret T. Clark, "The International Mercantile Marine Company: A Financial Analysis," American Neptune 1997 57(2): 137–154.
  13. ↑ Griscom is no longer head of the Ship Combine, The New York Times, Encyclopedia Titanica. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  14. ↑ 3 November 2008 Channel 4 documentary The Unsinkable Titanic.
  15. ↑ (French) Les canots de sauvetage, le Site du Titanic. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  16. ↑ Piouffre 2009, pp. 111–112.
  17. ↑ (French) Composition du radeau pliable C, le Site du Titanic. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  18. ↑ Piouffre 2009, p. 207.
  19. ↑ Piouffre 2009, p. 209.
  20. ↑ ISBN 978-0-688-04939-3 Walter Lord, "The Night Lives On." New York: William Morrow and Company. 1986. pp. 211–12.'
  21. ↑ ISBN 978-0-688-04939-3 Walter Lord, "The Night Lives On." New York: William Morrow and Company. 1986. pp. 216–17.'
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Ismay and the Titanic, Titanic Historical Society. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  23. ↑ Piouffre 2009, p. 257.
  24. ↑ UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Lawrence H. Officer (2010) "What Were the UK Earnings and Prices Then?" MeasuringWorth.
  25. ↑ Titanic 15 April 1912, www.titanictown.plus.com. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
  26. ↑ Kerrigan, Michael (1998). Who Lies Where – A guide to famous graves. London: Fourth Estate Limited. p. 285. ISBN 978-1-85702-258-2. 
  27. ↑ Chirnside 2004, p. 333.
  28. ↑ Collett-White, Mike (22 September 2010). "Titanic sunk by steering mistake, author says". Reuters. Archived from the original on 22 September 2010. http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE68L1HG20100922. Retrieved 22 September 2010. "Louise Patten, a writer and granddaughter of Titanic second officer Charles Lightoller, said the truth about what happened nearly 100 years ago had been hidden for fear of tarnishing the reputation of her grandfather ..." 

References[]

Citations

Sources

Further reading[]

  • Gardiner, Robin (2002). History of the White Star Line. Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7110-2809-8. 
  • Oldham, Wilton J. (1961). "The Ismay Line: The White Star Line, and the Ismay family story". The Journal of Commerce (Liverpool). 
  • Wilson, Frances (2012). How to Survive the Titanic, or the Sinking of J. Bruce Ismay. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0062094551. 

External links[]


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